فصلنامه فلسفه دین
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 37، زمستان 1396)

The present article is concern with importance of God in feminist writings, critics of feminist theologians and philosophers to concept of God in the context of monotheistic religions and their alternative solution about God and human in feminist thinkers writings such as Mary daly,Irigaray,Jantzen and Anderson for this problem.then their thought and solutions are discussed and the critics of persons like Hollywood, Anderson, Taliaferro, Byrne, Hauke and coakley will be considered and finally mottahary and allame javadi amoli's point of views as representatives of Islamic standpoints about divine attributes and place of womanhood in religion will be highlighted.

The present article reviews the status of "a religious epistemic" era of two Muslim philosophers Ibn Rushd (520-595 AH) and Mulla Sadra (979-1045) is based on two works, "al-maqāl season ..." Ibn Rushd and "The project has three principal "is Mulla Sadra.The aim of this study is to review each of these two philosophers pathological position adopted in the face of the Islamic society of his era recording processes have knowledge of such an account, the thinking part of the time.This research is descriptive - analytic.
In this article, we briefly discussed the socio-political situation era two philosophers, then examined the position of each of these two men in two books about the study, compared to the existing currents in contemporary religious thought.
And then, to compare the similarities and differences of thought and action in the field at the end of two philosophers to the conclusion that both thinkers, with different criteria intended to identify the "obstacles to the attainment of a religious epistemic" are. Through adoption of religious sciences such as jurisprudence, in a religious epistemic, Ibn Rushd damage from lack of rational methods of deduction is legitimate, and the adoption of the Hereafter in a religious epistemic, these terms of Mulla Sadra, lack of attention to "self-knowledge" and of the Apocalypse.

religion as an important components of good life perform a special rule in targeting in Human's life and amendment the current situation for achieve a Better situation.yet the rule of social contexts in human's life caused that thinkers focus on the relation between society and the good life and political ethics has a classic responsibility in this issue and present a result about the relationship between the state and the good life. This paper is written for survey the evolution of political ethics in the west and after analysis the
Christianity's changes from medieval to Contemporary era , will study the dominant political idea named neutrality about religion by state and finally will study a critical approach that named Perfectionism that was revived by some Western perfectionists in the late twentieth century. This approach in critique the plural ethics in the west , Demands for the revive of religion as a source of ethical norms and emphasizes on the state's responsibility about the good life.

from the perspective of Paul Tillich, human language is suitable to speak of concrete entities and his normal events of life and it is impossible to such language is used to speak of God "transcendental" and "wholly other". Ultimate concern but with symbolic language is not to express and religious symbols only in the position of speaking of God and the representation of the ultimate foundation of existing are symbolic meaning. Mohammad Ghazali also says that the knowledge of the world of sublimity except through the symbols of the terrestrial world is impossible. his symbolism to provide for the entire visible and sensible world. Both the character emphasize proper understanding of religious symbols of heart union and intuitive knowledge . But with Tillich , it's only field better confrontation with God , lacks the dignity of realism and cognitive , while Ghazali qualified for the symbols such dignity.

Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, in their theory of Hagarism, have claimed that Islam has had a Hagarean Origin. The theory says that the origin of Islam, was not in Mecca and Medina, but was in an area at northwest ofArabia, a place which historically was known as the settlement of the Hagareans and Ishmaelites, especially according to Jewish documents. Their relay in this claim is upon sameness of the Mahgraye and Muslims, identifying some Biblical names with Islamic places, and being Petra as the first Qiblah of Muslims. This article shows that their arguments are weak, from both of these viewpoints: understanding the texts, and finding the cause of non-exact orientation of Mihrabs of the early mosques.

The question of origin of religion raised in modern times and like many other novel issues stemed from transition to modernity . this topic is related with so many other sciences like psychology of religion and sociology of religion , anthropology and religions . explanation of Jung and Motahhari are from the most well - known ones . The former employed the psychological concept of unconscious and latter borrowed innateness from islamic thought .
Generality of archetypes and innateness , unconsciousness of archetypes and potentiality of innate ideas and inclinations and occationalitiy of both , are similarties in two doctrines.

The philosophical prominence of Sadr al-Mutallihin Shirazi outweighs his jurisprudential expertise. His works on different philosophical, exegetical, Hadith and ethical subjects can better depict his juridical mastery. He has full command on the lexical, technical and the traditional meanings of jurisprudence, its subject matter, its basic prevailing concepts such as obedience and defiance and the well-known five types of the Islamic rulings. Furthermore, he realizes the position of jurisprudence comparing to other sciences, its relation with the ethical and doctrinal propositions and the difference and commonalities of Sharia [the divine law], with Tariqa [path], and Haqiqa [truth]. He not only recommends that all should abide by the jurisprudential propositions but also adheres to the necessity that the juridical propositions should be explained. He attempts to rationalize the juridical propositions. According to him, those propositions do not contradict one’s reason; for there are true advantages and disadvantages, Allah considers them whilst sanctioning different rulings. The expediencies that lay beyond the reach of human intellect. Mostly, the human struggle in this regard is characterized as unproductive. For they either prefer their personal interests to the public or their worldly benefits to that of the real profits [the hereafter]. Relying upon these facts strengthen one’s submissive attitude towards Allah. Though these propositions lay beyond the reach of one’s intellect; but there are rational arguments that can attract one’s attention and reliance.

Ibn Rāvandī is one of the Mu’tazilists converted to Shi’ism in the third century AH that the Sunni sources have badly been introduced him. The origins of these reports usually refer to the Mutazilites. The main question is why Ibn Rāvandī attacked from Mutazilists? Is it true that the philosophical trends of Ibn Rāvandī and his converting to Imamyya on the one hand and kind of his criticism on Mutazilite theological doctrines have been effective against him? It is hypothesized that the reason of such allegations is based on the interreligious transactions and contrasts, and intellectual currents in his own era. It seems that In addition to his philosophical trends, the cause of these severe damages is his diatribes on Mutazilite ideas about Tawhid and ‘Adl.

Islamic city could be define the order and the natural order. Order a natural and obvious divine creation is necessary that the different dimensions of the social system and cultural, physical, environmental and natural, is believe to be studied. The natural order is constant and unchangeable is based on the principles of the Quran. The convention's principles fixed in Sadra philosophy and theory Tabatabai Sdaryy philosophy is developed, called principals attending the other rules should also be compatible with the principals of the situation. Order as a fundamental basic characters of God”s creation and has great role in Islamic principles spatialy Quraan and Hadis. Order in Islamic city is affected from fondamental principle, Unity and is emergened in social, cultural, physical, geometry and natural dimentions. In Islamic city, every order related to dynamic and unified system. These systems related to Islamic principles or were compatible with them that be in muslems life. Regard to these principles and laws as natural belifs”s muslems is obvious. Respectance to existant order of Islamic city that and attention to it in planning are neccessery. Life and sustailbility of Islamic city is cooprated with order and Unity. Chaos in Urban order will creat crisis and colaps of Islamic city.

In comparison Islam and Christianity in to revealation two major questions to be discussed: First, different views of the two religious traditions of the nature of revelation is primarily where is derive? Another question: this difference, leading to what other theological differences and what level of force is argued. The first question in the field of sociology of religion and the second question is in the philosophy of religion. Answer the first question is that Greek culture paradigm since the advent Christianity, was the paradigm of polytheism and belief in gods were humanoid, Top Christian thinkers, especially Paul- for Understandable and acceptable to portray Christianity and to develop and promote it - According to the dominant cultural paradigm that day Greece reinterpretation of the nature of Jesus and Christianity that to this day continues. Cultural paradigm since the advent of Islam was also based on paganism, But several factors led the paradigm of monotheism without any change became acceptance and to fully replace paganism catch paradigm.
Second question is that:The two different perspectives on the nature of revelation,bring a series of Theological different Results of the nature of faith, nature of the prophet, nature sacred texts and how to achieve redemption and guidance Who referred to some of them. the prove of These Theological results in Christianity is mor difficult than Islam.